In the 1900s, invasive goats damaged Española Island’s habitat as 15 tortoises formed a breeding group; by 2020, more than 2,300 lived there
The Española giant tortoise (Chelonoidis hoodensis) declined sharply over centuries as people captured the animals for food. Introduced goats added to the pressure by consuming vegetation and altering the island’s plant communities. Their grazing reduced the availability of important food…